Basic Physics concepts

Density and volume

"Density is the mass per unit volume of any object" You can increase density by;

·         Decreasing volume

·         Increasing mass in the same volume

·         Increasing pressure inside a volume

Density can be calculated using this equation;

Density= mass/volume

Density (p ) is measured in kg/m cubed, mass (m) is measured in kg and volume (v) is measured in m cubed

Chemical and physical changes of state

When a substance undergoes a physical change:

·         The change is often reversible

·         The substances mass stays the same

When a substance undergoes a chemical change of state;

·         The change is often irreversible

·         The mass can change (increase or decrease)

When heating a substance to make it melt, the heat overcomes the forces. The thermal energy overcomes the forces of attraction as the energy transfers into kinetic energy. This kinetic energy means that the particles can be high energy and overcome the forces of attraction means bonds can be broken.

Not related but I need a thumbnail (Rawpixel)

Specific heat capacity

Specific heat capacity is the is how many Joules of thermal energy is required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree celcius.

The equation to calculate specific heat capacity is; 

E= MCO (O should be theta but my computer doesn't appreciate basic maths)

E is for energy (J), M is for mass (kg), C is for specific heat capacity (J/kg) and theta is for change in temperature (degrees celcius)

Specific Latent Heat

Specific latent heat is the amount of energy needed to change the state of a pure substance without a change of temperature. So, the equation for a change of state is;
Theta (change in) E= mL
Theta E is for change in energy, m is for mass (kg), L is for specific latent heat (J/kg)
Note theta should look like a triangle

Solids, liquids and gases

Properties of Solids include:

·         Fixed shape

·         Particles vibrate a little about a fixed point

·         Doesn’t take the shape of a container

·         Strong forces of attraction

·         Doesn’t flow and cannot be compressed

·         Dense

Properties if a liquid include:

·         Flows easily

·         Takes the shape of a container

·         Some bonds are broken (bonds break and reform)

·         All particles are connected but there are gaps

·         Collisions are quite frequent but with low energy

·         Weaker forces of attraction

·         Less dense than solids

Pretty cute water droplets (Sharon McCutcheon)

Properties of gases include:

·         Can be compressed (rarely but sometimes into a liquid with correct conditions and pressure)

·         Have lots of kinetic energy

·         Move randomly at high speeds

·         Bonds are broken

·         Least dense of all states

·         Very weak forces of attraction

·         Spreads to fit the size of the container and flows